Prepackaged Software stocks: intrinsic value, ROIC & growth

192 U.S. prepackaged software companies with at least three years of SEC filings, ranked by size. 34 of the 99 with a current price trade below their Graham intrinsic value. The median company earned a 0.3% average return on invested capital and grew revenue 19.4% a year.

Updated October 18, 2026

192companies
34below Graham value
0.3%median 10-yr ROIC
19.4%median revenue CAGR

Most undervalued prepackaged software stocks

Ticker Company Upside Price Graham value Price vs value Market cap ROIC (10y) Revenue CAGR
ADBE Adobe Inc. +126% $245.20 $554.70 56% below $104.7B 33.6% 16.9%
IIIV i3 Verticals, Inc. +43% $16.68 $23.92 30% below $570.2M 3.2% 0.7%
ALRM Alarm.com Holdings, Inc. +42% $57.37 $81.71 30% below $3.4B 54.8% 16.2%
INTU Intuit +40% $325.15 $454.06 28% below $92.0B 58.1% 16.7%
PATH UiPath, Inc. +34% $12.85 $17.27 26% below $7.0B 12.8% 29.8%
SSNC SS&C Technologies Holdings Inc +24% $84.07 $104.63 20% below $21.3B 6.9% 17.4%
CRM Salesforce +8% $240.70 $259.08 7% below $230.1B 3.6% 19.4%
PAYC Paycom Software, Inc. +7% $251.64 $268.38 6% below $14.1B 43.3% 22.6%
PTC PTC Inc. +5% $192.98 $201.95 4% below $23.3B 9.6% 10.2%

Highest-ROIC prepackaged software stocks

Ticker Company 10-yr ROIC Price Graham value Price vs value Market cap ROIC (10y) Revenue CAGR
MDB MongoDB, Inc. 114.8% $337.57 — — $27.4B 114.8% 40.6%
DOMO DOMO, INC. 97.0% — — — — 97.0% 17.5%
INTU Intuit 58.1% $325.15 $454.06 28% below $92.0B 58.1% 16.7%
ALRM Alarm.com Holdings, Inc. 54.8% $57.37 $81.71 30% below $3.4B 54.8% 16.2%
COUR Coursera, Inc. 50.1% $4.94 — — $809.2M 50.1% 26.6%
CDNS Cadence Design Systems 43.7% $319.51 $134.86 137% above $87.3B 43.7% 14.4%
PAYC Paycom Software, Inc. 43.3% $251.64 $268.38 6% below $14.1B 43.3% 22.6%
QLYS QUALYS, INC. 41.3% $181.05 $180.69 0% above $6.6B 41.3% 14.5%
CRWD CrowdStrike 37.7% $227.39 $12.29 1750% above $57.0B 37.7% 58.8%
WK WORKIVA INC 37.3% $75.31 — — $4.2B 37.3% 19.4%

All prepackaged software stocks

Ticker Company Price Graham value Price vs value Market cap ROIC (10y) Revenue CAGR
MSFT Microsoft $529.05 $453.06 17% above $3.9T 25.8% 13.4%
PLTR Palantir Technologies Inc. $186.03 $20.93 789% above $477.2B -63.3% 33.4%
ORCL Oracle Corporation $128.23 $96.00 34% above $367.5B -1928.3% 5.0%
CRM Salesforce $240.70 $259.08 7% below $230.1B 3.6% 19.4%
SHOP SHOPIFY INC. $169.52 $31.22 443% above $221.2B 2.9% 117.5%
NOW ServiceNow $141.97 $55.47 156% above $148.6B -6.6% 28.5%
ADBE Adobe Inc. $245.20 $554.70 56% below $104.7B 33.6% 16.9%
SNOW Snowflake Inc. $306.84 — — $103.6B -139.5% 74.1%
NET Cloudflare, Inc. $296.30 — — $103.2B -12.1% 41.5%
INTU Intuit $325.15 $454.06 28% below $92.0B 58.1% 16.7%
DDOG Datadog $247.11 $10.30 2299% above $89.8B -0.2% 55.4%
CDNS Cadence Design Systems $319.51 $134.86 137% above $87.3B 43.7% 14.4%
SNPS Synopsys $454.63 $267.05 70% above $75.3B 15.5% 12.6%
CRWD CrowdStrike $227.39 $12.29 1750% above $57.0B 37.7% 58.8%
TEAM Atlassian Corp $207.82 — — $54.4B -2529.5% 25.7%
VEEV Veeva Systems $310.36 $180.69 72% above $51.8B 17.7% 21.6%
ADSK Autodesk $239.90 $173.72 38% above $51.6B 7.8% 15.1%
XYZ Block, Inc. $77.89 $69.75 12% above $48.5B -14.6% 34.2%
BSQKZ Block, Inc. $74.33 $69.75 7% above $46.3B -15.1% 34.2%
TWLO TWILIO INC $244.37 $6.98 3401% above $39.0B 23.0% 38.1%
TTWO Take-Two Interactive $205.28 $118.91 73% above $35.9B 3.7% 15.8%
RBLX Roblox Corp $49.55 — — $34.2B 290.2% 45.8%
OKTA Okta, Inc. $187.26 $43.51 330% above $33.6B -64.1% 38.0%
MDB MongoDB, Inc. $337.57 — — $27.4B 114.8% 40.6%
CRWV CoreWeave, Inc. $61.39 — — $26.8B 2.7% 373.4%
PTC PTC Inc. $192.98 $201.95 4% below $23.3B 9.6% 10.2%
RBRK Rubrik, Inc. $112.41 — — $22.1B 61.2% 29.9%
SSNC SS&C Technologies Holdings Inc $84.07 $104.63 20% below $21.3B 6.9% 17.4%
DT Dynatrace, Inc. $61.11 $17.94 241% above $18.6B 2.9% 22.5%
U Unity Software Inc. $40.40 — — $17.0B -45.7% 25.3%
TYL Tyler Technologies $360.87 $189.21 91% above $15.8B 9.8% 13.3%
DOCU DOCUSIGN, INC. $74.65 $49.16 52% above $15.6B -18.1% 26.7%
EA Electronic Arts — $34.58 — — 23.4% 5.0%
GEN Gen Digital $24.16 $8.83 174% above $15.0B 13.2% 2.5%
GWRE Guidewire Software, Inc. $168.86 $26.90 528% above $14.5B -2.1% 12.3%
PAYC Paycom Software, Inc. $251.64 $268.38 6% below $14.1B 43.3% 22.6%
MANH MANHATTAN ASSOCIATES INC $222.17 $76.09 192% above $13.6B 351.3% 6.7%
HUBS HUBSPOT INC $230.94 $28.57 708% above $12.3B -13.4% 31.2%
BSY BENTLEY SYSTEMS INC $35.37 $17.97 97% above $11.8B 27.9% 11.7%
SAIL SailPoint, Inc. $18.75 — — $10.2B 15.5% 23.8%
ESTC Elastic N.V. $91.74 $113.93 19% below $9.8B -74.1% 39.3%
FROG JFrog Ltd $84.31 — — $9.8B 2.5% 35.5%
DBX DROPBOX, INC. $35.57 $61.78 42% below $9.7B -104.4% 12.9%
PCTY Paylocity Holding Corp $166.32 $133.53 25% above $9.4B 16.8% 22.9%
GTLB Gitlab Inc. $52.76 — — $8.8B 12.1% 50.8%
MQ Marqeta, Inc. $18.69 $1.75 968% above $8.6B 34.0% 27.8%
PCOR PROCORE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. $56.98 — — $8.6B -61.5% 28.8%
APPF APPFOLIO INC $212.13 $128.88 65% above $7.7B 7.0% 27.7%
FIG Figma, Inc. $21.49 $53.81 60% below $7.2B -77.1% 44.6%
S SentinelOne, Inc. $21.58 — — $7.1B -4.5% 66.8%
ZETA Zeta Global Holdings Corp. $31.81 — — $7.0B -131.8% 27.3%
PATH UiPath, Inc. $12.85 $17.27 26% below $7.0B 12.8% 29.8%
TTAN ServiceTitan, Inc. $74.98 — — $6.9B 11.4% 27.1%
DUOL Duolingo, Inc. $141.76 $284.66 50% below $6.8B 144.4% 45.0%
CVLT COMMVAULT SYSTEMS INC $149.11 $52.48 184% above $6.7B 791.8% 7.0%
QLYS QUALYS, INC. $181.05 $180.69 0% above $6.6B 41.3% 14.5%
BOX BOX INC $39.56 $19.27 105% above $5.9B -10.9% 12.8%
MBLY Mobileye Global Inc. $7.22 — — $5.9B -5.3% 14.4%
VRNS VARONIS SYSTEMS INC $48.72 — — $5.6B 342.8% 15.8%
ACIW ACI WORLDWIDE, INC. $52.80 $45.28 17% above $5.5B 7.5% 6.4%
CCC CCC Intelligent Solutions Holdings Inc. $7.61 $0.85 795% above $5.0B -0.9% 9.4%
KVYO Klaviyo, Inc. $17.08 — — $5.0B -1.8% 43.5%
BB BLACKBERRY Ltd $8.06 — — $4.8B -15.6% -6.4%
BILL BILL Holdings, Inc. $45.60 — — $4.7B -2.2% 56.1%
TENB Tenable Holdings, Inc. $37.20 — — $4.5B -204.7% 26.1%
WK WORKIVA INC $75.31 — — $4.2B 37.3% 19.4%
NTSK Netskope Inc $19.00 — — $4.1B 156.4% 32.0%
FRSH Freshworks Inc. $13.74 $20.93 34% below $4.0B -5.9% 30.2%
QTWO Q2 Holdings, Inc. $61.93 $26.57 133% above $4.0B -27.6% 20.3%
INTA Intapp, Inc. $43.64 — — $3.4B -23.9% 22.0%
ALRM Alarm.com Holdings, Inc. $57.37 $81.71 30% below $3.4B 54.8% 16.2%
FSLY Fastly, Inc. $22.47 — — $3.3B -10.5% 25.0%
AVPT AvePoint, Inc. $14.33 $4.98 188% above $3.3B -463.0% 23.9%
SPSC SPS COMMERCE INC $85.25 $81.71 4% above $3.2B 11.6% 16.3%
BRZE Braze, Inc. $29.34 — — $3.2B -61.0% 40.4%
APPN APPIAN CORP $41.17 $0.66 6138% above $3.1B -6.0% 20.8%
TDC TERADATA CORP /DE/ $30.36 $19.17 58% above $2.9B 29.4% -3.6%
BLKB BLACKBAUD INC $51.65 $50.10 3% above $2.5B 3.0% 4.9%
NAVN Navan, Inc. $25.38 — — $2.5B -113.2% 32.1%
NCNO nCino, Inc. $20.51 $1.66 1136% above $2.3B -15.5% 27.5%
ASAN Asana, Inc. $9.86 — — $2.3B -144.6% 39.5%
BL BLACKLINE, INC. $29.80 $12.95 130% above $2.0B -2.2% 20.8%
AMPL Amplitude, Inc. $14.75 — — $1.9B 1133.8% 30.8%
SOUN SOUNDHOUND AI, INC. $4.72 — — $1.9B -1773.3% 68.0%
YOU Clear Secure, Inc. $43.93 — — — 776.5% 29.4%
PRGS PROGRESS SOFTWARE CORP /MA $40.84 $35.09 16% above $1.8B 9.8% 10.3%
EVCM EverCommerce Inc. $9.41 $3.32 183% above $1.7B 3.0% 16.0%
FDCT FDCTECH, INC. $3.99 $0.33 1109% above $1.7B -63.6% 67.8%
PDFS PDF SOLUTIONS INC $39.22 $2.11 1759% above $1.5B -4.1% 8.2%
CXM Sprinklr, Inc. $5.83 $2.99 95% above $1.5B 15.6% 17.6%
CERT Certara, Inc. $9.37 $2.57 265% above $1.5B 0.3% 12.3%
PD PagerDuty, Inc. $16.16 $62.11 74% below $1.5B -5.8% 25.6%
VERX Vertex, Inc. $13.37 — — — 4.7% 15.5%
CWAN Clearwater Analytics Holdings, Inc. — $55.80 — — 8.4% 27.8%
AI C3.ai, Inc. $11.32 — — $1.5B -16.2% 27.3%
ALKT ALKAMI TECHNOLOGY, INC. $13.73 — — $1.4B -3.1% 34.9%
XZO Exzeo Group, Inc. $16.69 $32.88 49% below $1.3B -101.6% 56.7%
BAND Bandwidth Inc. $43.34 $3.32 1205% above $1.3B 20.2% 19.5%
GTM ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. $3.80 $0.79 381% above $1.2B 3.3% 36.1%
SVMB Jingbo Technology, Inc. $2.14 $0.33 548% above $1.2B 43230.2% 173.9%
RDVT Red Violet, Inc. $74.00 $30.23 145% above $1.1B -2.7% 34.2%
VIA Via Transportation, Inc. $31.93 — — $1.1B 13.2% 32.1%
NABL N-able, Inc. $4.48 $4.40 2% above $841.4M 3.1% 11.7%
RPD Rapid7, Inc. $12.61 $11.96 5% above $819.7M -306.8% 20.8%
COUR Coursera, Inc. $4.94 — — $809.2M 50.1% 26.6%
BBAI BigBear.ai Holdings, Inc. $2.16 — — $775.0M -49.1% 9.6%
CCSI Consensus Cloud Solutions, Inc. $35.36 — — $687.7M 25.2% 1.4%
GDYN GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC. $7.79 $3.65 113% above $676.9M -14.7% 23.9%
SPT Sprout Social, Inc. $11.28 — — $661.3M -79.2% 28.6%
DOMO DOMO, INC. — — — — 97.0% 17.5%
IIIV i3 Verticals, Inc. $16.68 $23.92 30% below $570.2M 3.2% 0.7%
WEAV Weave Communications, Inc. $7.40 — — $564.7M -21.7% 31.7%
MYPS PLAYSTUDIOS, Inc. $3.96 $0.61 549% above $497.7M -4.9% -0.3%
LPSN LIVEPERSON INC — — — — 9.8% 1.0%
DDD 3D SYSTEMS CORP $2.76 — — $484.4M -24.4% -5.3%
BLZE Backblaze, Inc. $8.60 — — $483.4M -36.4% 22.1%
RCAT Red Cat Holdings, Inc. $4.72 $0.66 615% above $467.1M -84.2% 80.2%
CRNC Cerence Inc. $8.93 $5.85 53% above $385.6M -13.0% -1.4%
CMRC Commerce.com, Inc. $3.44 — — $276.2M -13.6% 20.7%
LAW CS Disco, Inc. $4.44 — — $274.0M -90.8% 18.0%
XPER Xperi Inc. $4.98 — — $228.4M -35.9% 3.6%
EXFY Expensify, Inc. $2.42 — — $223.3M -237.5% 9.9%
KLTR KALTURA INC $1.38 — — $211.0M -62.9% 10.9%
SVCO Silvaco Group, Inc. $6.21 — — $184.7M -46.5% 7.8%
PDYN Palladyne AI Corp. $3.79 — — $159.7M 720.5% -9.9%
EGAN EGAIN Corp $5.55 $37.53 85% below $159.0M -22.8% 2.7%
MRDN Meridian Holdings Inc./NV $11.09 $5.31 109% above $128.5M -100.4% 175.5%
DRTTF DIRTT ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS LTD $0.56 — — $107.2M -20.2% -3.6%
DH Definitive Healthcare Corp. $1.00 — — $106.7M -21.0% 19.2%
SSTI SOUNDTHINKING, INC. $8.27 $17.27 52% below $105.2M 4.7% 23.6%
UPLD Upland Software, Inc. $3.37 — — $96.4M -10.7% 12.6%
INSE Inspired Entertainment, Inc. $3.27 $73.74 96% below $95.0M 15.2% 22.9%
UMEW UMeWorld Inc. $0.80 $0.04 1900% above $90.0M 48.8% -14.7%
GEG Great Elm Group, Inc. $2.15 — — $83.5M -48.3% -22.7%
AEYE AUDIOEYE INC $6.66 — — $82.7M -279.0% 50.9%
DUOT DUOS TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC. $5.40 — — $82.4M -332.4% 18.0%
SNAL Snail, Inc. $2.07 — — $75.8M 163.6% -6.6%
NTWK NETSOL TECHNOLOGIES INC $6.21 $0.66 841% above $71.9M 0.8% 0.3%
WFCF Where Food Comes From, Inc. $13.90 $9.96 40% above $71.8M 10.7% 8.8%
CCLD CareCloud, Inc. $1.85 $3.32 44% below $70.2M -11.6% 19.4%
FATN Fatpipe Inc/UT $5.00 $4.80 4% above $70.0M 20.6% 3.7%
RPMT REGO PAYMENT ARCHITECTURES, INC. $0.50 — — $68.2M 35.7% 8.8%
MCHX MARCHEX INC $1.26 $1.40 10% below $55.0M -35.0% -11.0%
ROC Rank One Computing Corp $3.65 — — $54.8M -76.4% 23.9%
SMSI SMITH MICRO SOFTWARE, INC. $2.37 — — $48.8M -111.3% -5.3%
MKTW MARKETWISE, INC. $18.01 $48.83 63% below $43.9M -584.7% 3.6%
IDN Intellicheck, Inc. $2.14 $1.98 8% above $43.1M -18.9% 21.8%
ZDGE Zedge, Inc. $2.78 $17.56 84% below $38.2M -6.6% 11.4%
QXL QUANTUM X LABS INC. $4.41 $75.73 94% below $37.4M 220.9% 117.9%
SKKY Skkynet Cloud Systems, Inc. $0.60 — — $35.9M -5.1% 9.0%
MAPS WM TECHNOLOGY, INC. $0.31 — — $33.5M -21.7% 3.2%
PXLW PIXELWORKS, INC $5.37 $239.64 98% below $29.6M 147.7% -38.3%
ATHR Aether Holdings, Inc. $2.64 — — $29.1M 100.9% -4.1%
MSGM Motorsport Games Inc. $5.62 — — $27.2M -408.4% -0.8%
INLX INTELLINETICS, INC. $4.68 $3.65 28% above $20.1M 4.0% 22.9%
CLOQ CYBERLOQ TECHNOLOGIES, INC. $0.15 $0.33 55% below $19.8M 1944.7% 18.3%
NTNX Nutanix, Inc. $66.94 $21.59 210% above $19.7M 22.0% 19.7%
AWRE AWARE INC /MA/ $0.90 — — $19.0M -11.4% -2.4%
UPYY UPAY $0.90 — — $15.5M 48.4% 3.0%
AIFF FIREFLY NEUROSCIENCE, INC. $1.02 — — $12.8M -136.2% -17.9%
BKYI BIO KEY INTERNATIONAL INC $2.63 — — — -174.2% 8.0%
FNGR FingerMotion, Inc. $0.17 — — $10.1M 156.2% 128.8%
GHST GHST World Inc. $0.07 — — $8.6M 414.1% 343.2%
IDAI T Stamp Inc $2.71 — — $8.5M -675.1% 3.5%
BLIN Bridgeline Digital, Inc. $0.72 $1.34 46% below $8.0M -44.0% -0.4%
VPRB VPR Brands, LP. $0.08 $0.72 89% below $7.3M — 9.6%
APCX AppTech Payments Corp. $0.14 — — $4.9M 43.8% 27.6%
VIIQ VisitIQ Corp. $1.66 — — $4.7M 44.2% -29.4%
AUID authID Inc. $0.32 — — $4.1M -245.5% 0.6%
DSNY DESTINY MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES INC $0.43 $0.13 231% above $4.1M 13.6% 3.4%
WBSR Webstar Technology Group Inc. $0.01 — — $4.0M 174.4% 64.0%
MYSZ My Size, Inc. $1.14 — — $3.6M -397.4% 130.2%
GXAI GAXOS.AI INC. $0.42 — — $3.0M -88.9% 8589.6%
AMST Amesite Inc. $0.83 — — $2.9M -119.8% 13.1%
MFON MOBIVITY HOLDINGS CORP. $0.04 $2.62 98% below $2.8M -362.0% -14.4%
SITS SOUTHERN ITS INTERNATIONAL, INC. $0.04 — — — 12.4% 173.7%
ZSPC zSpace, Inc. $0.11 — — $2.8M 331.9% -26.9%
ASFT Appsoft Technologies, Inc. $0.25 $2.11 88% below $1.1M 24.9% -65.4%
QUBT Quantum Computing Inc. $6.36 — — $1.0M -56.1% 71.3%
IVDA Iveda Solutions, Inc. $0.23 — — $833.3K 71.0% 5.2%
GMER GOOD GAMING, INC. $0.00 — — $490.4K 37.7% -17.4%
DPLS DarkPulse, Inc. $0.01 $3.53 100% below $396.2K 28.1% -55.4%
ITOX IIOT-OXYS, Inc. $0.00 — — $395.6K -638.6% -32.7%
EBZT Everything Blockchain, Inc. $0.03 — — $311.1K -537.5% -23.6%
LIVG Livento Group, Inc. $0.00 — — — -82.1% -0.3%
IMAA IMA Tech — — — — 267.5% 412.7%
ATDS Data443 Risk Mitigation, Inc. $0.00 — — $72.9K 120.4% 105.3%
CBDW 1606 CORP. $0.00 $0.67 — $39.1K 107.4% -43.0%
PNXP PINEAPPLE EXPRESS CANNABIS Co $0.00 $0.12 — $32.5K 35.6% 2.7%
KOAN Resonate Blends, Inc. $0.00 $0.33 — $32.0K 445.3% 36.4%
GTIC Greentech Innovations, Inc. $0.79 — — — 3420.1% —
NXNT Nexscient, Inc. — — — — -78.1% —

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